Two main reactions to Freud are?

• A. Structuralism and Functionalism
• B. Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis
• C. Humanistic psychology and the Cognitive Revolution
• D. Gestalt psychology and Evolutionary psychology

Answer: (C)

Two major movements arose as responses to Freud’s psychoanalysis by offering different ways to understand the mind and human behavior. Humanistic psychology, led by figures like Maslow and Rogers, argued for human potential, self-actualization, and the idea that people have the capacity for growth and free choice. It provides a hopeful, person-centered alternative to Freud’s emphasis on unconscious conflicts and pathology, focusing on the here and now of personal experience and growth.

The cognitive revolution shifted the focus to mental processes—how we think, remember, learn, and problem-solve—using rigorous experiments and computational models. This approach treats the mind as an information-processing system and moves psychology toward studying conscious thought and internal representations rather than just behavior or psychoanalytic dynamics.

Together, these movements broadened psychology beyond Freudian theory, shaping modern approaches to mind, behavior, and human potential.